---
title: Research
description: A collection of external resources and hyperlinks to health studies. There is no shortage of medical research on trichloramines and trihalomethanes.
image: https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/hubfs/magnifying%20glass.png
---

[Skip to content](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/research#main-content)

[![chloramine consulting logo, indoor pool design for good IAQ](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/hs-fs/hubfs/chloramine%20consulting%20logo.png?width=1000&height=500&name=chloramine%20consulting%20logo.png) ](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com?hsLang=en)

- Our Services
  
  Show submenu for Our Services 
  
    - [Facility Evaluations](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-natatorium-evaluation)
    - [Design Assistance](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-design-assistance)
- [Blog](https://blog.chloramineconsulting.com)
- [Research](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/research)
  
  Show submenu for Research 
  
    - [Glossary](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/glossary)
- [About](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/about-us)
- [Contact Us](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/contact-us)

Open main navigation

Close main navigation

- Our Services
  
  Show submenu for Our Services 
  
    - [Facility Evaluations](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-natatorium-evaluation)
    - [Design Assistance](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-design-assistance)
- [Blog](https://blog.chloramineconsulting.com)
- [Research](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/research)
  
  Show submenu for Research 
  
    - [Glossary](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/glossary)
- [About](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/about-us)
- [Contact Us](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/contact-us)

# Research

## Resources

We have compiled some links to external resources about the industry's standards, as well as health impacts of natatorium air quality problems. Trichloramine, trihalomethane, and other disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have shown to case various health concerns with people. These are several of the studies done.  Sources listed here are deemed credible by virtue of their publishers: Government agencies like the CDC, EPA, and NIH, as well as many universities and science journals.

Every pool is different, but these byproducts are an issue worldwide.

As mentioned many times on our website, the challenge is communication between design teams, facility owners and operators. If everyone prioritizes indoor air quality, and [designs the natatorium properly](https://blog.chloramineconsulting.com/natatorium-design-resources?hsLang=en), these issues can be prevented.

If you have chloramine problems in an existing facility, or you are building a new natatorium, please [contact us.](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/contact-us?hsLang=en)

 

## Standards of Care

[Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments](https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546808) - World Health Organization (WHO)

[ASHRAE §62.1 - Indoor Air Quality](https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ViewOnline/Standard_62.1-2016) - ASHRAE

[Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Monitor Trichloramine in Indoor Pool Air](https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bk-2015-1190.ch022) - ACS

[Chloramines and Pool Operation](https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/aquatics-professionals/chloramines.html) - CDC

[Healthy Water: Model Aquatic Health Code Annex](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/hubfs/MAHC%201st%20Edition%2c%20Section%208%20Annex.pdf?hsLang=en) - CDC

[Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00710.x) - Purdue University

Effects of UV-based treatment on water and air chemistry in chlorinated indoor pools - [Purdue University](https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3733218/)

[21st Century Pool Design Guide](https://www.desert-aire.com/sites/default/files/Brochure-21st-Century-Pool-Design-Guide-DA030.pdf) - Desert Aire

[Indoor Pool Design Guide](https://serescodehumidifiers.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Seresco-Natatorium-Design-Guide.pdf) - Seresco Dehumidifiers

[Disinfection Byproducts, Standards and Health Effects](https://www.cmahc.org/documents/Mexico_2017_Disinfection_By-products_presentation_06-08-2017.pdf) - CMAHC, CDC

[ASHRAE 62.1: The IAQ Procedure and LEED](https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-08/documents/ciaq-webinar-muller.pdf) - EPA

[The Air Quality Issue (2013)](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/hubfs/USA-Swimming-THE-AIR-QUALITY-ISSUE.pdf?hsLang=en) - USA Swimming

## Health Studies

Bernard, A., Carbonnelle, S., de Burbure, C., Michel, O., & Nickmilder, M. (2006). Chlorinated pool attendance, atopy, and the risk of asthma during childhood. *Environmental Health Perspectives*, 114(10), 1567–1573. [https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8461](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1626429/)

[Exposure to Trichloramine and Respiratory Symptoms in Indoor Swimming Pool Workers](https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/29/4/690) - European Respiratory Journal

[Occupational Asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming pool air](https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/19/5/827.short) - European Respiratory Journal

[Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593183/) - NIH

[Exposure to Chloroform in Persons Frequenting an Indoor Swimming Pool](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2483065) - NCBI, NIH

[Chloramines: Understanding the Pool Smell](https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com/Science-Center/Chlorine-Compound-of-the-Month-Library/Chloramines-Understanding-Pool-Smell/) - American Chemistry Council

[Early life swimming pool exposure and asthma onset in children – a case-control study](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29642932) - NIH

[Nitrogen Trichloride Haz-Map Facts](https://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/category-details?table=copytblagents&id=1869) - NIH

[Health risk as a consequence of exposure to trihalomethanes in swimming pool water](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29264908) - NCBI, NIH

[Trihalomethane formation during swimming pool water disinfection using hypobromous and hypochlorous acids](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0043135494002305) - ScienceDirect, DOI

[Pathways of trihalomethane uptake in swimming pools](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15729838) - NCBI, NIH

[Occurrence and simulation of trihalomethanes in swimming pool water: A simple prediction method based on DOC and mass balance](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135415303250?via%3Dihub) - ScienceDirect, DOI

[Concentrations of disinfection by-products in swimming pool following modifications of the water treatment process: An exploratory study ](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001074216313523)- ScienceDirect, DOI

[Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring](https://academic.oup.com/annweh/article/59/8/1074/2196152) - Oxford University

["Lifeguard lung": endemic granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1509038/) - NCBI, NIH

[High rates of respiratory problems linked to indoor lifeguard work](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-lifeguards-respiratory/high-rates-of-respiratory-problems-linked-to-indoor-lifeguard-work-idUSKBN1A3286) - Reuters

[Health effects associated with indoor swimming pools: A suspected toxic chloramine exposure](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003335060700203X) - ScienceDirect, DOI

[Volatile disinfection by-product analysis from chlorinated indoor swimming pools](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135409002759) - Purdue University, ScienceDirect

[Swimming Pools and Asthma](http://www.oem.msu.edu/images/newsletter/ProjectSensor/v23n4.pdf) - Michigan State University

[![chloramine consulting, indoor pool design and air quality experts](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/hs-fs/hubfs/chloramine%20consulting%20logo.png?width=1000&height=500&name=chloramine%20consulting%20logo.png "chloramine consulting, indoor pool design and air quality experts")](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com?hsLang=en)

Chloramine problems don't fix themselves.

facebook-f icon linkedin-in icon twitter icon instagram icon

**Pages**

[Home](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com?hsLang=en)

[Request a Facility Study](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-natatorium-evaluation?hsLang=en)

[Request Design Assistance](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/request-design-assistance?hsLang=en)

[Blog](https://blog.chloramineconsulting.com?hsLang=en)

[About us](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/about-us?hsLang=en)

[Contact us](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/contact-us?hsLang=en)

**Resources**

[Research](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/research)

[Glossary](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/glossary?hsLang=en)

[2026 IAQ Mission Survey Report](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/download-the-2026-iaq-mission-survey-report?hsLang=en)

[Privacy Policy](https://www.chloramineconsulting.com/privacy-policy?hsLang=en)

 

Offices in:  
Charlotte, NC

Seattle, WA

Copyright © 2026, Chloramine Consulting